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What is psychoanalysis, and why would movies go there? Psychoanalysis is a form of talking therapy and a framework for ideas. It is composed of three interrelated strands: metapsychology, which is a body of theoretical hypotheses about the nature and structure of the mind, a model of psychological development, and a collection of psychotherapy techniques like dream analysis and free association. Psychoanalysis has also been an inspiration for some of the most famous and thought-provoking films ever made, from the subtle psychological exploration of Bergman’s films to the dark, twisted minds of Hitchcock’s characters.

Hitchcock, The Master of Suspense

Known for his suspenseful films, Alfred Hitchcock is widely regarded as one of the greatest directors of all time. Perhaps the most well-known aspect of his art is how he incorporated psychoanalytic themes into his pieces. His films, which are renowned for their complex narratives, tense moments, and psychological nuance, have had a profound effect on the film industry.

The psychological depth, intricate storyline, and innovative filmmaking techniques of these Hitchcock films continue to captivate audiences.

1958’s “Vertigo” is regarded as one of Hitchcock’s best films and a masterwork of psychological suspense. The main character of the movie is Scottie Ferguson, a former detective with acrophobia, or a fear of heights. His job is to follow Madeleine Elster, a mysterious woman who seems to be close to taking her own life. As Scottie becomes increasingly obsessed with Madeleine, she tragically dies in a fall. Many years later, Scottie meets Judy Barton, a woman who remarkably resembles Madeleine. He becomes convinced that Judy is Madeleine reincarnated and sets out to recreate their past relationship, leading to a dangerous obsession that threatens his sanity.

Scottie’s obsession with possessing and controlling Madeleine is explored in the film, along with the destructive power of obsession. Additionally, as Scottie’s understanding of what is happening becomes more warped, vertigo makes it harder to distinguish between reality and illusion. Hitchcock also skilfully manipulates the audience’s perception of events by using suggestion to great effect, which adds to the tension and unease. Not to mention, the film’s cinematography is amazing, especially when it comes to the use of vertigo sequences, and Bernard Herrmann’s eerie score greatly adds to the mood and impact of the picture.

Some consider Psycho, which came out in 1960, to be a suspense masterwork. This horror movie is a ground-breaking piece of art that revolutionised the genre. It demonstrated how horror can encompass so much more than just shock and graphic violence. Its exploration of intricate psychological themes, an iconic shower scene, and novel narrative techniques have cemented its place in cinematic history. The movie centres on Marion Crane, a secretary who steals money from her company. Fleeing at a remote motel, she encounters the enigmatic Norman Bates, the motel’s proprietor. As Marion’s stay progresses, she becomes increasingly unsettled by Norman’s strange behaviour and the eerie atmosphere of the motel. A startling turn of events exposes Norman’s actual nature, setting up a terrifying conclusion. To keep viewers on the edge of their seats, Hitchcock expertly combines suspenseful storytelling and shock tactics. A classic illustration of this is the scene in the shower, which blends sudden violence with a voyeuristic viewpoint. Along with examining themes of madness, obsession, and guilt, Psycho also explores the intricacies of the human psyche. These psychological depths are vividly and unsettlingly portrayed by the character of Norman Bates. The movie also has an unusual narrative structure because it gradually reveals important information and switches perspectives. This keeps the audience wondering and evokes a sense of unease. Finally, the use of shadows and cramped areas in the film’s cinematography adds to the eerie atmosphere. The famous soundtrack by Bernard Herrmann heightens the suspense and tension even more.

Bergman, The Explorer of the Soul

The films of Swedish filmmaker and screenwriter Ingmar Bergman are well known for their examination of existential themes, religious issues, and human psychology. The intricacies of relationships, mortality, and the pursuit of meaning in life are commonly explored in his films. Directors like Woody Allen, David Lynch, and Lars von Trier have all been greatly influenced by Bergman’s work. 

Among the most influential films of the 20th century, according to some, is The Seventh Seal (1957). The story follows a knight, portrayed by Max von Sydow, who is a disillusioned soldier returning from the Crusades. It is a gloomy, allegorical tale set during the Black Death. He encounters Death (played by Bengt Ekerot) and challenges him to a game of chess, hoping to delay his own death. The knight wonders about the purpose of life and the existence of God as he plays because he sees the misery and despair of those around him.

In a world destroyed by the plague, the film examines the meaning of life, death, and the search for purpose. The mediaeval world in which it is set offers a striking and significant context for the existential issues it poses. The image of Death and the knight playing chess represents humanity’s struggle against death and the unknown. It delves into religious themes such as God’s nature, faith, and doubt. The movie’s sombre and eerie atmosphere is further enhanced by the black and white cinematography.

The 1966 film Persona is another one of Ingmar Bergman’s writing and directing credits. The film features Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann in a narrative about Alma, a nurse, taking care of Elisabet, a stage actress who has lost her voice. Identity, duality, and the relationship between the self and the other are among the themes that are explored in the movie. Stage actress Elisabet abruptly loses her voice during a performance, setting the scene for the movie. She is taken to a secluded island cottage for recovery, where she is attended to by a young nurse named Alma. As the two women spend time together, they begin to develop a strange and intimate relationship, blurring the lines between reality and illusion.

Numerous themes are covered in the movie, such as identity, duality, the nature of reality, and the self-other relationship. Different facets of the human psyche are represented by the characters Alma and Elisabet, who are thought to be reflections of one another. Numerous symbols can be found throughout the movie, including Elisabet’s masks and the double image that keeps appearing. The themes of identity and the disintegration of the self are explored through the use of these symbols. Additionally, it has been interpreted as a Freudian exploration of the unconscious mind. It is believed that the filmmaker’s own psyche is projected into the roles of Elisabet and Alma.

Some additional insights about Persona

• The movie’s surreal and mysterious atmosphere was enhanced by the black and white photography.
• The film is often mentioned as a precursor to postmodern cinema.
• It has been seen in many different contexts, such as a feminist film, a film about the nature of art, or a film concerning the perils of delusion.

Other Notable Films Seemingly Influenced by Psychoanalysis

• The Shining (1988), The Stephen King’s novel adapted by Stanley Kubrick. It is a terrifying look at loneliness, insanity, and the power of the mind.
• David Fincher’s darkly comedic film Fight Club (1999) delves into themes of consumerism, masculinity, and the search for purpose in life.
• The psychological thriller Black Swan (2010) by Darren Aronofsky delves into themes of obsession, perfectionism, and the shadowy side of the creative process.

Philosopher and author Albert Camus, as well as psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, were known as two original thinkers. Though seemingly disparate, their works intersect at intriguing points, offering a rich tapestry for exploration. This blog explores the possible links between the psychoanalytic lens and Camus’ absurdist philosophy.

The Absurd and the Unconscious

A key component of Camus’ philosophy is his notion of the absurd. According to his theory, life has no intrinsic meaning and no inherent purpose or value. This encounter with absurdity can result in a defiant affirmation of life despite its absurdity or in existential despair.

On the other hand, psychoanalysis delves into the depths of the human psyche to reveal the unconscious drives and desires that influence our actions. Theories of the id, ego, and superego by Freud, along with his notions of sublimation and repression, provide a framework for comprehending the psychological foundations of human experience.

The Myth of Sisyphus 

The famous essay by Camus, “The Myth of Sisyphus,” uses the metaphor of a man destined to roll a boulder up a hill for all eternity only to have it roll back down as a representation of the human condition. Camus sees a kind of defiance in Sisyphus’ acceptance of his fate, even though this Sisyphean task represents the absurdity of existence. To highlight the meaninglessness of life by nature, Camus presents the idea of the absurd. Sisyphus is the embodiment of this absurdity; he is doomed to push a boulder up a hill for all eternity only to have it roll back down. The task is futile, yet Sisyphus must continue. To quote Camus:  

“The absurd is the confrontation between the irrational and the desire for absolute meaning.”

The myth strikes a deep chord with the human experience of coming to terms with death’s inevitable conclusion and life’s meaninglessness. It forces us to face the absurdity of our existence and look for purpose in it. 

“The struggle itself towards the heights is enough to fill a man’s heart. One must imagine Sisyphus happy.”

Even though Sisyphus’s fate is bleak, Camus finds a way to accept it as a form of defiance. Sisyphus becomes a symbol of the human spirit, which never gives up even in the face of unfathomable adversity.

“The absurd man, who knows that his life is devoid of meaning, can find a meaning in the very act of recognizing that it is meaningless.”

According to Camus, accepting life’s absurdity is a liberating realisation rather than a reason for hopelessness. We can break free from the delusion of purpose and lead more genuine lives by accepting the meaninglessness of life.

“Hope is a betrayal of the absurd.”

The myth is a call to action, even though it paints a gloomy picture. Camus exhorts us to accept life’s absurdities and derive fulfilment from the small acts of creation, love, and existence.

“The essential point is that there is no meaning beyond human life. Man must create his own meaning.”

“The Myth of Sisyphus” is a significant work that challenges us to confront the existential questions of life and find meaning in the face of absurdity. Camus’s defiant affirmation of the human spirit continues to inspire and provoke thought.

Totem and Taboo

Published in 1913, Totem and Taboo is Sigmund Freud’s groundbreaking work. Offering a distinctive viewpoint on the beginnings of human civilisation, religion, and morality, it is regarded as a seminal text in the development of psychoanalysis.

Origins of Civilisation

According to Freud, the origin of human civilisation can be traced back to the resolution of the Oedipus complex, a universal psychological conflict in which a child harbours animosity towards their same-sex parent and desires their opposite. He suggests that the founding event of the human A totem, a symbolic representation of the deceased father, was established after society was reduced to the collective patricide of a primordial father. 

“Prehistoric man(…) is known to us through(…) monuments(…)implements (…) left behind legends, myths and fairytales”

Considered a basic social contract supporting civilisation, the incest prohibition—which Freud associated with the Oedipus complex—is enforced. Freud contends that internalising the father’s prohibitions forms the superego, or moral conscience. In his interpretation, religious rituals function to uphold social order and allay guilt by symbolically reenacting the primordial patricide. Freud investigates how social norms and the collective conscience are maintained by taboos.

“The super-ego is the heir to the Oedipus complex.”

By showing how unconscious conflicts and desires can be expressed through myths, rituals, and dreams, “Totem and Taboo” offers insights into the symbolic language of the unconscious. Although not stated directly, Freud’s theories in this book can be considered forerunners of Carl Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious, which is a shared storehouse of archetypal symbols. Anthropological research is used in Totem and Taboo to investigate the beginnings of cultural customs and beliefs.

“Civilisation is based on the renunciation of instinctual satisfactions.”

External and Internal Absurdity of Existence

A foundational idea of psychoanalytic theory is Freud’s Oedipus complex, which holds that young children subconsciously harbour animosity towards their same-sex parent and yearn for their opposite-sex parent. Despite its contentious nature—a topic I will not delve into now—this complex offers a framework for comprehending how personalities develop and how families function. Though they might not appear connected, these two ideas—the fight against meaninglessness (Sisyphus) and the intricate relationship between desire and conflict (Oedipus complex)—explore essential human experiences.

A fascinating line of inquiry lies at the intersection of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis and Albert Camus’ philosophy of the absurd. While Camus emphasises the external absurdity of the world, Freud delves into the internal absurdity of the human psyche. We could better comprehend the human condition and our quest for meaning in an apparently meaningless world by combining these two points of view.

The ubiquitous and frequently crippling emotion of anxiety is a complicated phenomenon that has long fascinated scientists, philosophers, and psychologists. The symptoms of anxiety range from physical symptoms like rapid heartbeat, sweating, change in skin tone, trembling, shortness of breath, and muscle tension. Sometimes anxiety blurred vision may occur. Psychological symptoms of anxiety may include constant worry, seemingly irrational fears, anxiety panic attacks, catastrophic thinking, irritability, and social withdrawal. It is worth adding that those two lists are non-exhaustive, symptoms depend on the individual and the context.

From a psychoanalytic standpoint, anxiety is a signal emanating from the depths of our psyche, rather than just a symptom. The three levels of consciousness—the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious—that make up the topographic model of mental functioning are described by Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. In this framework, anxiety often arises in the unconscious mind as a result of unresolved conflicts or the repressed. It can act as a warning sign, making us aware of possible internal and external dangers. Automatic anxiety and signal anxiety are the two categories that Freud distinguished. Automatic anxiety is the subject’s response each time he encounters a traumatic event; that is, each time he is faced with an influx of stimuli, whether internal or external, that he is unable to cope with. Automatic anxiety implies no prejudgment but reacting to stimuli from the environment that seem too much to handle. It is more of a primitive type. Although signal anxiety is the ego’s reaction to perceived threats, whether internal or external, it can also function as a warning signal. An interview for a job, for instance, may trigger signal anxiety. For example, it can spur someone to get ready for the interview, dress appropriately, and show up on time. On the other hand, signal anxiety might have the opposite effect and cause the person to either avoid the situation or somehow “sabotage” it. 

The Origins of Anxiety

Although certain life events can set off anxiety, psychoanalysts contend that early childhood experiences are frequently the source of anxiety. Anxiety patterns later in life may be rooted in an infant’s natural helplessness and reliance on carers. For instance, the fear of being abandoned can give rise to separation anxiety. These early anxieties can internalise as we mature and show up as a variety of adult anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder, performance anxiety, and generalised anxiety disorder.

Anxiety as a Defence Mechanism

It is noteworthy that anxiety can function as a protective mechanism as well. The mind may turn to anxiety to avoid dealing with these deeper issues when faced with overwhelming emotions or unacceptable desires. A person who is afraid of public speaking, for example, may be unintentionally avoiding the scrutiny and vulnerability that come with public speaking.

Beyond Symptom Management

Psychoanalysis attempts to address the underlying causes of anxiety, in contrast to many modern approaches that concentrate on symptom management. People can gain a better understanding of themselves and their behavioural patterns by exploring their unconscious. This self-discovery and re-discovery can lead to lasting changes and a greater sense of well-being.

Although psychoanalysis offers a valuable understanding of the nature of anxiety, it is important to keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating anxiety. 

Cinematic Anxiety: Revealing the Monster

Movies have a unique ability to transport us into the minds and lives of others. In doing so, they often offer a powerful lens through which to examine complex human emotions like anxiety. Let’s look at some well-known cinematic depictions that have contributed to a greater understanding of this sometimes misconstrued mental health issue.

As a well-mannered man struggling with overwhelming anxiety, Adam Sandler gives a surprisingly nuanced performance in Punch-Drunk Love. The movie does a fantastic job of capturing the physical aspects of anxiety, such as shaking and fast breathing, as well as the overpowering feeling of loneliness.

Although the main subject of the movie Silver Linings Playbook is bipolar disorder, Bradley Cooper’s character also provides a moving representation of anxiety. His agitated state and obsessive-compulsive behaviours serve as a clear reminder of the difficulties experienced by individuals with anxiety.

Although Mark Zuckerberg’s persona in The Social Network is frequently portrayed as cold and calculating, there is a deep-seated fear of failure and rejection underneath the surface. The movie raises the possibility that his unwavering drive for achievement was fuelled by social anxiety.

The anonymous office worker played by Edward Norton in the movie Fight Club is overcome with a feeling of emptiness and unhappiness. His destructive coping mechanism is the alter ego he created out of anxiety.

In Black Swan, intense performance anxiety drives Natalie Portman’s character through a psychological metamorphosis. The movie looks at the darker side of ambition and the extremes people will go to in order to succeed.

Literary Characters as Anxiety’s Protagonists

There is a vast array of literary characters that face anxiety in various ways. Examining the lives of a few of these complex individuals, let us see how their experiences help us understand the nuances of various phenomena.

Holden Caulfield, the Overwhelmed Intellectual in The Catcher in the Rye

Adolescent anxiety is typified by J.D. Salinger’s enduring anti-hero, Holden Caulfield. Stressed minds are characterised by feelings of alienation, a fear of appearing fake, and an unending quest for genuineness. Holden perceives his anxiety as a barrier that keeps the overwhelming and corrupt world outside of him.

Winston Smith, The Paralysed Protagonist (1984)

The protagonist of George Orwell’s dystopian masterpiece, Winston Smith, suffers from anxiety and uncertainty. Being in a totalitarian state causes Winston constant anxiety because it is a constant threat. The deeper worries of a surveillance society are reflected in his internal conflicts.

The Socially Anxious Antihero Leonard (The Big Lebowski)

Although The Dude, or Leonard, from the Coen brothers’ cult classic movie, may not come across as nervous, beneath his laid-back exterior is a deep-seated fear of social interaction and confrontation. His need for calm and tranquillity serves as a defence mechanism against the chaos of the outside world.

Ophelia, the Creative Soul in Crisis (Hamlet)

Shakespeare’s Ophelia is a tragic figure whose environmental pressures are frequently blamed for her spiral into madness. Her unfulfilled love, cultural norms, and the sad circumstances involving her family are the causes of her anxiety. Her persona is a potent reminder of the destructive nature of mental anguish.

Renowned for her honest and unvarnished examination of the human psyche, Louise Bourgeois was a titan of the 20th-century art scene. As Donald Kuspit says in his essay about Bourgeois: “She was one of the great articulators of the core problems of modernity: psychic survival.” Her creation(s) is proof of the ability of art to be a working-through medium; it is frequently distinguished by its visceral intensity and symbolic depth.

A Window into the Soul

Bourgeois used her art as a direct way to deal with her inner demons. Her childhood, marked by her father’s infidelity and her mother’s unwavering loyalty, cast a long shadow over her life. These experiences provided her with fertile ground from which she produced some of her most potent works.

Psychoanalysis became a cornerstone of Bourgeois’ life. While she engaged with the process for many years, she was also a staunch critic of its limitations, particularly for artists. She believed art offered a more direct and unfiltered path to the unconscious. Nevertheless, she remained in psychoanalysis for over 30 years. 

Louise wrote in her diary in 1952, while she was undergoing intense analysis:

“I do not have to live in an empty world/world of vacuum (Marie Bonaparte) I can create/my own, artist world of omnipotence + fantasy/I have control space between I cannot/stand emptiness/emptiness is a space the edge of which you do/not know and you are not sure of-like falling/into space or like being dizzy. This question of space is perhaps sim/ply to have had fear of falling.”

Art as Catharsis

Red Room (Parents) (detail) 1994

Bourgeois saw art as a form of catharsis, a way to exorcise the pain and trauma that haunted her. Her work is a testament to the idea that art can be a powerful tool for healing and transformation.

By giving form to her inner turmoil, Bourgeois invited viewers into her world, encouraging thinking. Her work challenged societal norms and taboos, particularly around female sexuality and experience.

For example, her famous spider sculptures are frequently thought of as maternal figures. They do, also have undertones of control, fear, and protection. The physicality of the sculptures gives tangible form to these complex emotions that are so deeply ingrained in her personal history.

In 1992 Louise wrote:

“ The work of art is limited to an acting out, not an understanding. If we were understood, the need to do the work would not exist anymore… Art is a guaranty of sanity but not liberation. It comes back again and again.”

A Daughter’s Trauma and Artistic Catharsis

Louise Bourgeois’ relationship with her father was a complex and deeply traumatic one that profoundly influenced her art. Her father’s infidelity, which she discovered as a child, cast a long shadow over her life and became a central theme in her work.

Bourgeois often described her mother as a steadfast and protective figure who stood by her during this tumultuous time. In contrast, her father was an absent and often cruel figure. This dynamic created a profound sense of betrayal and insecurity that she carried with her throughout her life.

Her art became a powerful tool for processing and understanding this complex emotional landscape. Through her sculptures, paintings, and installations, she explored themes of abandonment, betrayal, and loss. The iconic spider, a recurring motif in her work, is often interpreted as a maternal figure, offering protection and support, perhaps a reflection of the maternal strength she found in her mother. Yet, the spider also carries undercurrents of fear and control, suggesting the complex and ambivalent feelings she harboured towards both parents.

The enduring impact of childhood trauma is demonstrated by Bourgeois’s work. Giving expression to her hurt and rage allowed her to not only deal with her personal suffering but also to produce art that spoke to a great number of people who had gone through similar traumas. Through the examination of the deepest recesses of the human psyche, her work offers a route to understanding and healing, serving as a reminder of the transformative power of art.

Louise wrote in her diary in 1952:

“Children show off for sympathy. My father showed his troubles, he showed off his troubles for sympathy. His asking for reassurance was asking for pity. After that, after showing himself shamefully and uselessly (because people do not show you sympathy) (…) He felt hurt and exposed and shrivelled up like a caterpillar. He was torn apart by his need to expose himself in an attempt to be loved and his modesty and fit of rage hate at having been seen. People want to pry on me, I have no privacy, nobody knew where he lived (literally). His running away was a desire to be found and run after.”

The Destruction of the Father Art Work

“The Destruction of the Father,” a powerful and visceral examination of Louise Bourgeois’s complicated relationship with her father, was published in 1974. Her rage, bitterness, and desire for vengeance are clearly depicted in this piece. Plaster, fabric, wood, and metal are among the disorganised materials that come together to form a hideous, broken figure. By deconstructing the paternal authority figure symbolically, this work releases the pain and betrayal she felt in a cathartic way.

Louise wrote in 1965

“I am ready/I have everything the/circumstances ask of me/therefore, I can fall asleep/I have an answer to everything/it is not only a right/it is a need, an obsession/I am not my father/I am defined by what I do not know/I may not know what I am but I know what I am not.”

The Spider: Maternal Protector. Controlling Force

Bourgeois’ iconic spider sculptures, often referred to as “Maman,” are perhaps the most recognizable and enigmatic works in her oeuvre. These monumental figures, characterized by their imposing size and intricate web-like structures, have been interpreted in various ways.

On the one hand, the spider is frequently associated with motherhood and is thought to symbolise creation, nurturing, and protection. This interpretation is reasonable considering Bourgeois’s close relationship with her mother. Maternal care is evoked by the spider’s protective posture and its complex web, which is symbolic of life and nourishment.

But there are also darker meanings associated with the spider. Its eight legs can be interpreted as symbols of dominance and control, representing the complicated and frequently conflicted emotions Bourgeois felt towards her father and other authority figures. Although the web is a symbol of creation, it can also be seen as a trap, implying a sense of limitation and entrapment.

It is crucial to keep in mind that Bourgeois’s artwork frequently has layers and is interpreted in a variety of ways. Like many of her creations, the spider is a nuanced and multidimensional symbol that encourages viewers to consider their own feelings and associations.

Through an analysis of pieces such as “The Destruction of the Father” and the spider sculptures, we are able to comprehend the profound influence that Bourgeois’s father had on her life and art. She is a living example of the resilience and creative potential of the human spirit, having been able to transform personal trauma into powerful and timeless pieces of art.

Conscious of Unconscious Sculpture (2008)

Louise’s last diary entry from 2008

“Never let me be free from/this burden that will never/let me be free”

Our Ancestors. The Architects of Our Story.

The idea that our ancestors have been architects of our story alludes to a deep relationship between the past and the present. Just as architects plan and build structures, defining their shape and purpose, so too did our ancestors lay the groundwork for our existence. Their choices, life events, and genetic composition have shaped who we are now. We could better appreciate the complexity of human existence and the interconnectedness of all people by learning more about our ancestry. 

The ancestors are those who have gone before, all the life that has ever been, leaving behind the traces of kinship. Relics belonging to ancestors are carefully conserved throughout the world. fragments of natural soil, objects used in rituals, or personal items. These artefacts help lessen the pain of death’s separation between the living and the cherished dead. In addition to exhibiting immateriality, a response, and introspective serenity that imply they exist in timeless dimensions, ancestors appear to possess a certain kind of materiality and elevated awareness. We imagine the ancestors reside in the Night Sky, Underworld, and Land of the Dead, those are our mythic conceptions of the sacred places of origin. 

How would we have survived if we had not been carried on the shoulders of our ancestors? The ancestors enter the realm of dreams and imagination, stepping through the threshold of consciousness to pose inquiries, share wisdom, and reveal the many facets of our identities. They ‘visit’ us in familiar patterns of behaviour as well as inexplicable phenomena, inviting curiosity and engagement. 

However, ancestors are not only felt as benevolent. They can act on our psyches as ‘malignant ghosts’, critical and shaming. They ‘haunt’ us if neglected, imposing themselves as fixed beliefs and fear of change or reinterpretation. For some, they represent the way to liberation, in others, they represent endless rebirth. 

What “haunts” are not the spirits of our ancestors in the literal sense. Sometimes, an intergenerational message is present with no way towards verbalisation, creating a sort of gap that can be painfully felt. A psychoanalyst, Galit Atlas, in her book „Emotional Inheritance,” talks about intergenerational secrets and unprocessed experiences that often don’t have a specific voice or image in our minds but still come rushing at us. We may carry within us the losses and traumas of our grandparents or parents that they never had the opportunity to fully articulate. We can feel these traumas, even if we are not consciously aware of them. Traumas that generations of our relatives have gone through can turn into nameless horrors, and untold stories are re-enacted again and again. Psychoanalysts Torok and Nichols call this phenomenon the buried speech of a parent, “a memory that was buried without a legal burial place.” This unknown phantom returns from the unconscious to ‘haunt’ its ‘host’ and may lead to phobias, compulsions, obsessions, or other similar issues specific to the individual. Its effect can persist through several generations and sometimes determine the fate of an entire family line. This segment of Reality is untellable and therefore inaccessible to gradual assimilative psychoanalytic work. This, in turn, creates a space in the ego where ‘workings’ through and mourning are not happening. Instead, the person may go through periodic states of mania or depression and create a ‘fantasmic’ identity to mask real suffering. 

Does leaving your country to start a new life elsewhere mean abandoning the legacy of your ancestors? Not necessarily. A psychoanalyst and linguist, Julia Kristeva, engages with the topic of being a foreigner in her work “Strangers to Ourselves.” Her own experience of displacement and adaptation, as a Bulgarian immigrant in France, informs her work on the complexities of belonging and otherness. Kristeva explores the figure of the foreigner as both a source of fear and fascination. She argues that foreigners disrupt societal norms and can reveal hidden anxieties within a culture. She writes: “The foreigner comes in when the consciousness of my difference arises, and disappears when we all acknowledge ourselves as foreigners, unamable to bonds and communities.” Kristeva emphasises the constant negation between belonging and alienation. She writes: “Not belonging to any place, any time, any love. A lost origin, the impossibility of taking root, a rummaging memory, the present in abeyance. The space of the foreigner is a moving train, a plane in flight, the very transition that precludes stopping.” Kristeva describes the human condition as specific to a foreigner but also a human being as such. We exist as a split subject that is incoherently divided and fractured. This split is not a psychological flaw but a fundamental condition of human beings. The notion that we can achieve balance and consistency in our lives or discover our true selves is an illusion propagated mainly by the self-help industry and much of the Holywood productions.

Language connects us to our ancestors through its development, the preservation of cultural heritage, and genetic links. All languages return to earlier languages and adapt over time through sound changes, borrowing, and cultural exchange. Our ancestors passed on stories, songs, and customs through spoken language, thus preserving their knowledge and values. Family names, regional dialects, and even heritage can provide clues to the origins and migrations of our ancestors. Although many ancient languages have been lost, studying language families and historical linguistics helps us understand how we are connected to those who came before us. Psychoanalyst Sabina Spielrein wondered about the origin of language, reminding us that apart from verbal language, humans have rhythmic and melodic language, gestural language, and the language of the act. The languages based on sound predominate as means of communication and tend to be considered social languages. Spielrein emphasises that people become social beings primarily by using verbal language; however, genetically, verbal language is preceded by other forms of language. Initially, a child expresses their state through the different rhythms, tones, and intensities of their cries through a primitive melodic language. Spielrein wonders if it was an adult who invented a language or a child. She says: “The ancestor sleeps within the child and the child within the ancestor. If the adult really invented the language, he created it in its earliest origins out of the childlike stage of his psyche.” According to Spielrein, this could mean that the language is created in the subconscious, which would take us back to the experiences and processes of the infantile thoughts, which, in turn, would refer to the experience of our ancestors. It is worth remembering that language is complex, making it challenging to pinpoint a single origin of development, as it is in most things in this world.

More than just physical containers, our bodies serve as both the basis for who we are and the main lens through which we view the outside world. Our bodies affect how we perceive and engage with everything around us, from delicate touch sensations to intense emotional power. Psychoanalysis offers an additional layer of understanding by demonstrating how our unconscious mind can physically leave marks on our bodies that have a significant impact on our thoughts and behaviours. This essay will explore, implicitly and ambiguously, the complex relationship that exists between the body, perception, and psychoanalysis.

The brain is mysterious. We know only a portion of what there is to know about the brain, or the cosmos, for that matter. Perhaps, for that reason, we keep producing original and amusing ideas about both. 

The brain itself is a soft, jelly-like mass of billions of cells and their connections. It weighs 2.15 to 3.15 pounds. The human brain regulates, through electrochemical energy, conscious and unconscious sensation, perception, and behaviour, as well as sympathetic and autonomic activities of the internal organs. In the brain stem and the limbic system, we experience our commonality with animal ancestors and relatives. As the base of the crown chakra, the brain contains our fantasies of a ‘higher’ universal mind. 

The ancients thought of the locus of consciousness as the abode of thought and feeling located in the heart, chest, or liver. Only recently has the brain been thought to be the locus of consciousness. Nevertheless, the brain was imagined to be potent. The Irish mixed the brains of the fallen warrior with earth, fashioning a ball to be used as a projectile weapon. Many of our ancestors ate the brains of their enemies to assimilate powerful mana and assume dominance. For others, the brain was holy; in Crete, horns were thought to grow out of the brain as a sign of procreative life force. Our fascination with the brain speaks to its symbolic function as an imaginal container for a timeless and unbounded process that resolves opposites and divisions. 

When one considers the brain from the perspective of the psyche, one is left with mental maps and images of geography, as well as emotional and memory centres, distinct intelligence areas, specialisations, localisations, and divisions between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. More recently, postmodern images of networks and fields, neural ecosystems, plasticity, and mirroring have also been observed. The advantages of specialisation and holistic functioning bring together the long-standing opposites found in psychological experience: undesirable fragmentation and idealised wholeness, within our conceptual framework of the brain. Scientific and technological developments have an equal impact on our understanding of the brain, as do our imaginations about the basic nourishment we receive from brainstorming and brainwashing. As we look deeply into images of both the brain and space, we also see the psyche imagining itself. 

Skin is a responsive tactile boundary between self and other and the inside and outside of the individual. Skin is vital to survival, it is the place where two can meet. We often refer to the quality of skin’s symbolic containment or permeability: one is thinskinned or thickskinned. The irritating facts of life go “under one’s skin”; one does the essential or compromising thing to “save one’s skin”. 

The skin is the largest organ of the body, it has a protective and cushioning function and is waterproof, elastic, breathable, and washable. The skin develops from the same foetal tissue as the brain and works actively with the hormonal, vascular, immune, and nervous systems. The skin enables us to perceive via pressure, temperature, and pain. Touch is a remarkable source of sensation, it is one of the first senses to activate in neonates and one of the last to subside in the elderly. Infants of many species appear to thrive on tactile contact, including human children. Such touch can foster greater connectedness and self-containment. Because skin is so nuanced in its reaction to the environment, it acts as a barometer for physical and psychological well-being. While health and relative balance often register in the bloom of the skin, illness, undesirable contact, or psychic conflict may manifest in blushing, rashes, inflammation, or allergy. 

The skin serves as a canvas for the symbolic representation of one’s social standing and individual identity. Skin colour, determined by the amount of melanin or brown pigment produced by the individual, has been the primary source of ethnic and racial distinction. Our perceptions of ourselves and others have been profoundly impacted by psychological projections surrounding skin tone. What “only” penetrates the skin is multi-layered and not at all superficial.

The eye receives and emits light, looks in and out, and is a window to the soul and the world. It can see too much or nothing at all. The eye illuminates, stares, understands, expresses, and protects. We can truly feel known by the way another’s eyes take us in, we can feel despair and sorrow at being “unseen.” 

Losing one’s sight or an eye can inspire truly creative work. The possibility of changing from one form of consciousness—seeing—into another is symbolised by missing or lost eyes. It can be used to describe awareness and sight that respond more to an inner vision than to sensory inputs. While light, insight, intelligence, reason, and spiritual awareness are traditionally associated with the eye, the inner eye sees with a night vision and dark awareness into the wisdom of dreams and all the unconscious and emotional elements that also make up full human understanding. 

The play of opposites, which includes the two eyes of inner/outer, blind/sighted, solar/lunar, illuminating/deadening, and open/closed, opens up one-dimensional vision and ultimately resolves into a more advanced form of unified vision. 

Sounds, the movement of waves and wind noise in nature, and the sounds of a city travel inward through the complex labyrinth of the human ear. It is a direct reversal of Plato’s theory of sight as a projection of fire outward. The ear collects these waves in its cartilaginous pinna, directs them along spiral coils formed by the shape of the vibrating sound, and stimulates the eardrum to send the waves through three of the hardest and tiniest bones in the body – the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. These bones amplify air pressure in the Eustachian tube, which exerts pressure on the fluid in the innermost chamber, the snail-shaped cochlea. Sound perception is then transmitted to the auditory cortex via acoustic nerves in tiny hairs suspended in the fluid. Each hair corresponds to a different frequency. Because the inner chamber is only filled with fluid as animals evolved from aquatic to land animals, we can better understand the ear’s other vital function, which was to maintain our sense of balance after we lost the support of seawater.

The psychoanalyst Theodor Reik, who once claimed that the invisible and intangible can still be audible, suggested that we can truly hear through greater use of our intuition. 

From grand castles to cosy cottages, the image of a house has captivated humanity for centuries. But a house is more than just a physical structure; it’s a potent symbol that transcends cultures and time. This blog will delve into the rich symbolism of the house and home, exploring how it reflects our deepest desires for security, belonging, and self-discovery.

One of the oldest representations of a house is a little ceramic Chinese house from around 2000 years ago (ca.25-220 C.E). Its rudimentary windows and door convey the essence of a house as containment and shelter. A house is one embodiment of home; “home is where the heart is”. A feeling state of belonging, contentment and safety. Physically, our earliest home is the maternal womb in which we are gestated. Animals instinctively make their homes in nests, burrows in the earth, the hollows of trees, caves and clefts; many first homes of humans were intimate, encompassing, womb-like structures. All over the world cave drawings attest to our primordial presence. 

Mud huts in Africa are still fashioned in the form of a female-like torso. The teepee of the Great Plains Indians, the triangular tents of the nomads, are circular at the base, suggesting the alpha and omega existence that begins in the womb and the eternal cycles of nature. To be unhoused does not necessarily mean to be homeless. Home could be projected onto a particular city, a beloved friend, a ship at sea, or a set of circumstances. These correspond to the experience of both fixity and freedom. In dreams, the psyche is often depicted as a house. Sometimes there are different levels representing a continuum of time. There may be familiar rooms, other unknown, hidden, revealing multivalenced potentialities. 

Home has to be idealised. In mythology, our first home is a paradise of oneness, a time before consciousness and its conflicting discriminations. Home can be also a prison or a haven of avoidance. Home can represent the nurturing of the self or its violation. We escape home, seek home, outgrow home, return home. Home is the goal of epic odysseys, spiritual quests and psychic transformations. 

An essential part of a home is a window. It is a transparent threshold. It is an opening in a wall that lets in air, moonlight, sunlight, the colours of the world, and the dark of the night. The window is where inside and outside meet bringing together two worlds and their elements. Eyes have been called the windows of the soul. The word window is derived from the old Icelandic “vindr” wind and “auga” eye. The wind-eye was originally a hole in the wall protected by branches or a curtain exposed to the wind. Over the centuries the hole in the wall was screen by a rice paper, marble or thin panes of mica as a substitute for a glass. Eventually, being able to open and close, windows contributed to regulating heat and light and acquired the meaning of an interval of time in which something can occur. 

Doors can stand between here and there, between known and unknown. At the psychological level, gates are found between the inner and outer worlds, between sleeping and waking. So gates are the point of transition from one world to another. A mother’s body is the gateway opening to this world, the tomb, the gateway to what comes after death. In ancient Egipt, a doorway in the tomb was built to allow free passage- in and out to the soul. In our everyday life gates and doors are there to protect the house and the life of the family. The gate-doorway can be a numinous and dangerous place, rich in rituals and superstitions. Offerings and prayers are made, and shoes are removed before entering. One must step carefully over a threshold, usually right foot first, and should not sneeze, linger, or sit. On the other hand, sometimes doors and gates must be opened to release what is too confined inside. For example in folklore of the British Isles, house doors must be opened when someone dies to ease the passage of the soul. 

A stairway leads one up or down. The etymology of the word drawing on Old English words “stigan”- to climb and  “staeger”- riser, suggests that stairs are primarily perceived as going up rather than both directions. This furnishes a symbol for ascents in slow stages and transitions through difficult steps. We see this externally in the stepped pyramids of ancient Egipt whose stairways provided a transitional zone between life and death. But staircases not only ascend, they also go down. In myths and fairytales or dreams the staircases descend into realms of mystery, magic, treasure, and imagination. Psychoanalysis taught us to search for our own descents for meaning. Freud used the French phrase ‘esprit d’escalier’ (wit of the staircase) to refer to repartee(*1)that occurs to us as we depart after an argument. The gain of creative wit by reclaiming our lower nature through psychoanalysis led Freud to reject what he considers the pretences of sublimation(*2).

Notes:

(*1) Sigmund Freud didn’t originate the term “esprit d’escalier,” but he did discuss this phenomenon. It’s a French expression that literally translates to “staircase wit,” referring to the feeling of thinking of the perfect comeback or response only after the conversation or situation is over. Freud believed this experience stemmed from the unconscious mind, with witty retorts being blocked in the moment due to social inhibitions or anxieties.

(*2) In psychoanalysis, sublimation is a mature defence mechanism where unacceptable urges or desires are channelled into socially acceptable and often productive outlets. It’s a way of transforming negative or undesirable impulses into something positive and beneficial.

For example, an aggressive urge might be channelled into competitive sports or debate. Or, someone experiencing heartbreak might pour their emotions into creative writing or music.

Imagination built fantasies on developing the science of colour. From Aristotle’s mixing of elemental hues to Newton’s prismatic splitting of a sunbeam into a spectrum of seven primary colours which in turn correlates with seven planets and the heptatonic musical scale. Goethe emphasised human perception and subjective experience of colour and influenced artists and thinkers with his focus on colour psychology and aesthetics. The retina of the eye has millions of light-sensitive cells with different colour sensitivities. Colours convey feelings, relationships and contrasts, dramas and tensions, the nature of matter, its processes and transmutations.

The Polish director Krzysztof Kieslowski used colours in his film trilogy not only as a visual element but as a key to the soul of the film. The trilogy is made up of three films: Blue, White and Red. There is another layer to Kieslowski’s film symbolism. It is the French national flag. Aside from the enigmatic colour symbolism, Kieslowski explores the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity, an embodiment of French revolutionary ideals, through the lens of personal loss and the characters’ resilience.

The first movie was “Blue”. Let’s look at the meanings that are ascribed to the colour blue. It is the rarest colour in nature although the sea and sky are quite vast. Blue is linked with eternity, the beyond, the spiritual and mental as contrasted with the emotional and physical as detached from the earthly. In everyday language, it points to the special, highest; for example: blue-chip stocks are those of the most value, blue ribbon for the first prize, blue-ribbon as in elite committee. In evolution, the human eye was able to perceive the warm colours first before the cool ones. For example, Homer had no word for blue and referred to the sea colour as dark. Blue does feel cold. Blue is the colour of the moonlight. Blue light slows the heart rate, lowers blood pressure and affects the growth of plants. It is the colour of bruises, melancholy, isolation, “the blues”. The atmosphere of the movie “Blue” could not be closer to this description. It is cold, drenched in melancholy and moves slowly. The main character Julie (Juliette Binoche) is devastated after the death of her husband and daughter in a car accident. She withdraws from the world and moves ceaselessly through her grief and hopelessness.

White evokes pristine, monotone landscapes. The polar whiteout erases even shadows, eliminates the horizons and deceives our perception of depth and scale. White also plays between the opposites. It is a merging of fire and ice, heat and frigid cold. The Snow Queen of the North is captivatingly beautiful and wintry, the pallid vampire bloodless in its passion. White receives the projection of all or nothing. The psychologist Rudolf Arnheim observed that white is a symbol of integration without presenting to the eye the variety of vital forces that it integrates and thus is as complete as a circle. For Melville’s Captain Ahab, however, the greatest White Whale Moby-Dick conveys the indefiniteness and impersonal vastness of the universe and human fears of annihilation. Where fantasy identifies white reductively with light, white can be forced into polarising opposition with black. Here, white becomes purity, virtue and innocence versus black as turbid and evil. The temptation for this kind of simplistic contrast was given in the movie “White”. It follows the story of Valentine (Julie Delpy), a young woman who is forced to marry a man she does not love in order to save her father from financial ruin. Eventually, she finds her freedom through her love for a young man named Dominique (Benoît Magimel). But as always, freedom has a complex meaning, as we learn in the final scenes of the movie.

If red is the music to eyes then red would be the sound of trumpets. Red is evoked in humans by radiating energy of specific wavelengths which increase muscle tone, blood pressure and breath rate. These effects occur also in blind humans and animals, so red is not purely an experience of the eye but something more like a bath. Symbolically, red is the colour of life. Its meaning relates to the human experience of blood and fire. In primitive thinking, blood was life. If blood left the body it took life with it. At the same time, the red flow of blood was a danger signal. The red fire was our comfort and protection, but, out of control, a threat of annihilation. Red attracts us conveying vitality, warmth and comfort but also warns of danger, calls for attention, and says ‘stop’. Red tells the story of a judge (Jean-Louis Trintignant) who becomes embroiled in a love triangle with a woman (Irène Jacob) and a man (Daniel Olbrychski). He is forced to confront his own prejudices and tries to find acceptance from people from other social classes. The characters in this movie forge bonds even though they have little in common. The plot tells stories of people who are connected in the most random and surprising ways.

The Three Colours trilogy is a powerful exploration of the human psyche. The films are beautifully shot and depict complex characters struggling to find their place in the world. It is also a mediation on the nature of love, loss and redemption.

Recently, my comments were featured in an article for an online art platform, Why Now. The journalist Ellie Calnan is an avid police drama fan and decided to write the article on what makes police drama so popular with British audiences. She contrasted the popularity with the scandals that the police as an institution has been involved in in recent years.

While being interviewed by her, I thought of a hero’s journey, a familiar narrative archetype that can be found in many stories, including police dramas. An archetype is a pattern that connects people across time and culture. They are characters or symbols that are recognisable irrespective of their place or time of origin. Swiss analyst Carl Jung first introduced the idea of the archetype. One of the attributes of the hero archetype is overcoming odds in service to completing extraordinary acts of strength, courage and goodness. The Hero acts to redeem society or save someone through self-sacrifice and triumph over adversity and evil.

Here is an example of how a hero’s journey might be presented in a police drama:

• The Call to Adventure: The hero, often a police officer or detective, is presented with a challenge or mystery that requires their skills and expertise to solve. This could be a complex case that has stumped other investigators or a personal vendetta against a criminal.
• Refusal of the Call: Initially, the hero might resist taking on the challenge, perhaps because they doubt their abilities or fear the risks involved.
• Meeting the Mentor: The hero meets someone who can help guide them on their journey. This could be a senior officer, a forensic specialist, or a criminal informant.
• Crossing the Threshold: The hero commits to the challenge and sets out on their journey, leaving behind their everyday life and entering the world of the case or criminal they are pursuing.
• Tests, Allies, and Enemies: Along the way, the hero faces various obstacles and challenges but also gains allies who support them and enemies who oppose them. They might also encounter clues or revelations that help them solve the mystery.
• Approach to the Inmost Cave: The hero faces their greatest challenge yet, often in a confrontation with the criminal they are pursuing.
• Ordeal: The hero faces their darkest moment, often where all hope seems lost. They might suffer a personal setback, such as being injured or losing a loved one.
• Reward: The hero emerges from the ordeal, having overcome their challenges and achieved their goal. They might arrest the criminal or solve the case and, in doing so, restore justice and order.
• The Road Back: The hero returns to their everyday life but has been changed by their journey. They might have gained new insights or skills or have a newfound appreciation for their colleagues and loved ones.
• Resurrection: The hero faces a final challenge, often a confrontation with the criminal or a showdown that puts them at risk.
• Return with the Elixir: The hero emerges victorious, having completed their journey and achieved their goal. They return to their everyday lives with a new perspective and appreciation for their challenges. They might also have gained recognition or respect from their colleagues and the public.

Some police dramas introduce a character who may be more of an anti-hero. The anti-hero archetype is a character who possesses both heroic and villainous qualities. These characters are often depicted as rebellious, morally ambiguous, and flawed individuals who challenge law enforcement’s traditional norms and values.

The anti-hero in police dramas may engage in questionable tactics, such as using excessive force, breaking the law, or bending the rules to achieve their goals. They may also have personal demons, such as addiction or emotional trauma, that affect their behaviour and decision-making.

Despite their flaws, anti-heroes in police dramas often have a strong sense of justice and a desire to make a positive difference. They may also be highly skilled and capable of taking down dangerous criminals.

Examples of anti-heroes in police dramas include characters like Vic Mackey from “The Shield,” Jimmy McNulty from “The Wire,” and John Luther from “Luther.” These characters challenge the traditional hero archetype and provide a more nuanced and complex portrayal of who a police detective may be.

Recently, I came across Bubble & Speak, a charitable organisation that provides the space for parents and carers to drop in with their little ones, socialise, speak and listen. The idea for this project came from Françoise Dolto (1908 – 1988), a French paediatrician and #psychoanalyst who developed a child-centred view of psychoanalysis. Her approach, often called the “Dolto method,” emphasises the importance of listening to and respecting #children to understand their experiences and emotions. Bubble & Speak is the only centre of this kind in the UK and is similar to services offered in continental Europe, France especially.

The effectiveness of the Dolto method lies in its emphasis on the child’s perspective and the recognition of their individuality. By listening to children, giving them the freedom to express themselves, and validating their emotions, the Dolto method helps children to develop a stronger sense of self and a more positive self-image. The Dolto method also focuses on the importance of the parent-child relationship and the need for parents to understand and empathise with their child’s experiences. By fostering a strong, positive relationship between parent and child, the Dolto method helps to create a supportive and nurturing environment for the child’s #emotional development.